For a while, the Great Lakes weren’t connected by rivers and Niagara Falls was just a trickle (p. 18)

Emotion may help the visual system jump the gun to predict what the brain will see (p. 22)

Despite past failures, geophysicists think earthquake prediction might yet be possible (p. 26)

A pair of new studies indicates that crows can employ tools in advanced ways, including using stones to displace water in a container and manipulating three sticks in sequence to reach food. (p. 5)

An unusual group of green, pea-shaped galaxies may be nearby analogs of remote galaxies undergoing a high rate of star formation. (p. 8)

Images reveal that an object has recently bashed into Jupiter, 15 years after the first of 21 chunks of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 struck the giant planet and created a memorable display of dark spots, waves and plumes. (p. 8)

Researchers find a way to make energy-using brown fat from skin cells. (p. 9)

Scientists find newborn nerve cells in the intestines of adult mice, suggesting a new line of research for treating intestinal disorders. (p. 9)

A study in rats suggests the blue dye similar to that found in popsicles and sports drinks may prevent cell death after spinal cord injury. (p. 10)

Spleen plays more roles than previously known. (p. 10)

People who were near the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, have high asthma and post-trauma stress rates years later. (p. 11)

Animal study shows over-the-counter medications lower weight and treat type 2 diabetes. The study is one of four to link type 2 diabetes with the immune system. (p. 11)

Cancer of the throat caused by the human papillomavirus isn’t as deadly as such cancer that arises from other causes. (p. 11)

Infection may be driving ants to set their jaws in low-hanging leaves before they die. (p. 12)

Study finds hummingbirds have pared-down DNA. (p. 12)

Violent pollen delivery in Catasetum flowers gets its power from temporarily deformed inner strip (p. 13)

Researchers discuss invasive species and bat-infecting fungi at the Botany & Mycology 2009 meeting (p. 13)

Some of the ocean’s small swimmers may be having a big impact on ocean mixing. (p. 14)

Airborne sensors can identify mineral outcrops and soil that may contain natural asbestos. (p. 14)

Scientists identify how a hydrocarbon commonly emitted by plants is converted to light-scattering aerosols. (p. 15)

Analysts get a closer look at television viewing habits with second-by-second data. (p. 16)

A new study evaluates the success of statistical analyses in determining the player with the golden glove. (p. 16)

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Review by Sid Perkins (p. 30)

Review by Rachel Zelkowitz (p. 30)

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