Homo sapiens fossils from Italy and England point to an early arrival and a longer time living alongside Neandertals.

Northern Europeans retained a taste for aquatic foods after farmers arrived 6,000 years ago.

The discovery of tools for making a substance possibly used in body decoration suggests humans could invent and plan by 100,000 years ago. (p. 16)

Skeletal evidence suggests that war was not the answer for Inca imperialists. (p. 16)

Nearly 2 million-year-old fossils offer glimpses of a species that may, or may not, have been crucial for human evolution. (p. 14)

Homo erectus may have made both advanced and simple tools 1.76 million years ago. (p. 12)

Skulls from a North African civilization provide glimpses of what may be early cranial surgery.

A mammoth engraved on a fossil may date from at least 13,000 year ago. (p. 14)