Earth
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We summarize the week's scientific breakthroughs every Thursday.
- 			 Paleontology PaleontologyBubbles may have sheltered Earth’s early lifeBubbles formed on ancient shorelines offer scientists a new place to look for traces of early life. By Meghan Rosen
- 			 Climate ClimateReport card shows which states are best prepared for climate changeA preparedness report card shows that some states aren’t ready for the extreme heat, droughts, wildfires and flooding that may come with climate change. 
- 			 Astronomy AstronomyExoplanets need right stuff to be habitableThe elemental makeup of a star can reveal whether planets in its solar system could support sustained plate tectonics, a requirement for Earth-like life, researchers propose. 
- 			 Agriculture AgricultureNumber of wild bees drops where they’re needed mostWild bee abundance in the United States is lowest in agricultural regions, according to a new model. 
- 			 Earth EarthSolid inner, inner core may be relic of Earth’s earliest daysEarth’s innermost inner core may have formed billions of years earlier than previously thought, shortly after the planet’s accretion. 
- 			 Animals AnimalsFog ferries mercury from the ocean to land animalsScientists have traced mercury in the waters of the Pacific Ocean to animals, including mountain lions, in California. 
- 			 Climate ClimateWhy some rainbows are all redRed rainbows are caused by the position of the sun in the sky, appearing more often during sunrise and sunset, new research finds. 
- 			 Climate ClimateFireworks brighten the sky but dampen the viewFireworks and other pyrotechnics severely reduce visibility during celebrations such as New Year’s Eve and Guy Fawkes Day, researchers report. 
- 			 Climate ClimateIce rafts traveling farther and faster across the Arctic OceanClimate change may be causing Arctic sea ice to travel farther and faster than it did 15 years ago, taking pollutants and other material along for the ride. 
- 			 Physics PhysicsUncovering the science of sand dune ‘booms’Mechanical engineer and geophysicist Nathalie Vriend explores noises in the desert that are triggered by sand sliding down dunes. By Andrew Grant
- 			 Animals AnimalsAlgal toxin impairs sea lion memoryCalifornia sea lions that have brain damage linked to domoic acid poisoning have impaired spatial memory, a new study finds. 
- 			 Climate ClimateYear in review: Global warming continues apaceNew climate research showed that the much-discussed warming hiatus never happened, carbon dioxide levels are higher than ever and Earth is heading toward a new normal.