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We summarize the week's scientific breakthroughs every Thursday.
- 			 Earth EarthNew fascination with Earth’s ‘Boring Billion’The Mesoproterozoic era, known as the boring billion, had very low oxygen, but it set the stage for the evolution of animals. 
- 			 Oceans OceansRising temperatures complicate efforts to manage cod fisheryHigher water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine could play a role in Atlantic cod crashes. 
- 			 Earth EarthParched parts of Earth expandingMore drylands, largely impacting developing nations, are forecasted for near future. 
- 			 Climate ClimateWi-Fi threatens weather forecastsInterference from wireless technology threatens the usefulness of weather radar, meteorologists warn. 
- 			 Climate ClimateHurricane Patricia’s howling winds smash recordsHurricane Patricia’s winds are now the fastest ever recorded in a tropical cyclone, making it the strongest hurricane on record in the Western Hemisphere. 
- 			 Paleontology Paleontology300 million-year-old giant shark swam the Texas seasFossil find shows oldest known ‘supershark,’ about the size of a limo, prowled the ocean 300 million years ago. By Meghan Rosen
- 			 Climate ClimateClimate change could shift New England’s fall foliageClimate change could make for earlier or later fall color, depending on where you live in New England. 
- 			 Earth Earth4.1-billion-year-old crystal may hold earliest signs of lifeA carbon impurity embedded inside an ancient zircon crystal suggests that life on Earth appeared before 4.1 billion years ago. 
- 			 Earth Earth4.1-billion-year-old crystal may hold earliest signs of lifeNew evidence suggests that life on Earth arose before 4.1 billion years ago, 300 million years earlier than previous estimates. 
- 			 Paleontology PaleontologyNew evidence weakens case against climate in woolly mammoths’ deathHunters responsible for woolly mammoths’ extinction, suggests a chemical analysis of juveniles’ tusks. By Meghan Rosen
- 			 Climate ClimateHigh-flying birds recruited for meteorologyMonitoring the midflight movements of high-flying birds can provide valuable meteorological data, new research shows. 
- 			 Environment EnvironmentAir pollutants enter body through skinAlthough scientists have largely viewed skin as an unimportant portal to blood for toxic air pollutants, new human data show that skin can surpass lungs as a route of entry. By Janet Raloff