Identifying the normal (or even the abnormal) in mathematics can pose serious difficulties.
In 1909, mathematician Émile Borel (1871–1956) introduced the concept of normality as one way to characterize the resemblance between the digits of a mathematical constant such as pi (the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter) and a sequence of random numbers.
If a number is normal, digit sequences of the same length occur with the same frequency.
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