A frustrating view of complexity

The unifying theme of complex systems, a researcher argues, is frustration.

In the 1980s, an inkling emerged among some scientists that very disparate phenomena might on some deep level be related. The weather, protein folding, computers, evolution, the stock market, the immune system … each shows complex behavior arising from fairly simple interactions among its parts.

BUTTERFLY EFFECT The Lorenz attractor, an icon of chaos theory.