Roughing up counterfeiters

A credit card or sheet of paper might look smooth, but under a microscope, these surfaces teem with ridges, pits, and other irregularities. Now, researchers in England have devised a way to translate those random artifacts of manufacturing into unique identification codes. Such codes are difficult, if not impossible, to forge, the developers claim.

SKIN DEEP. Laser scans of microscopic surface patterns, such as the one that emerges in these paper fibers, are yielding identity codes for documents, credit cards, and packaging.